<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Informatics in Education</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1648-5831</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1648-5831</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>VU</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU_2022_3_19</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15388/infedu.2022.19</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Snapshot of Computational Thinking in Turkey: A Critique of 2019 Bebras Challenge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-5674</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalelioğlu</surname>
            <given-names>Filiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:filizk@baskent.edu.tr">filizk@baskent.edu.tr</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_000"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_000">Education Faculty, Baskent University, Turkey</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-9547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Doğan</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:dilek.dogan@ankara.edu.tr">dilek.dogan@ankara.edu.tr</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_001">Educational Sciences Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-3224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gülbahar</surname>
            <given-names>Yasemin</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:gulbahar@ankara.edu.tr">gulbahar@ankara.edu.tr</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_002">Educational Sciences Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>21</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>501</fpage>
            <lpage>522</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Vilnius University, ETH Zürich</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Open access article under the CC BY license.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study aims to provide a deeper understanding about the Bebras tasks, which is one of the computational thinking (CT) unplugged activities, in terms of age level, task category, and CT skills. Explanatory sequential mixed method was adopted in the study in order to collect data according to the research questions. The participants of the study were 113,653 school students from different age levels. Anonymous data was collected electronically from the Turkey 2019 Bebras challenge. Factor analysis was employed to reveal the construct validity to determine how accurately the tool measured the abstract psychological characteristics of the participants. In addition, the item discrimination index was calculated to measure how discriminating the items in the challenge were. Qualitative data gathered through the national Bebras workshop was analysed according to content analysis. The findings highlighted some interesting points about the implications of the Bebras Challenge for Turkey, which are discussed in detail. Furthermore, common problems of Bebras tasks are identified and possible suggestions for improvement are listed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>Bebras</kwd>
        <kwd>Computational thinking</kwd>
        <kwd>Challenge on Informatics</kwd>
        <kwd>Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
